The Battle of Berlin (April–May 1945) was the final major offensive in the European theater of World War II. Soviet forces, commanded by Marshals Zhukov and Konev, encircled the German capital with overwhelming manpower and firepower. Fierce urban combat ensued as Nazi defenders, including regular troops, SS units, and civilian militias, resisted desperately. Adolf Hitler remained in his underground Führerbunker, issuing futile orders before committing suicide on April 30. By May 2, Berlin surrendered, and shortly after, Germany capitulated unconditionally. The battle caused massive destruction, high civilian casualties, and marked the collapse of the Third Reich, ending the war in Europe.